In January 2022, Google introduced Topics as a new Privacy Sandbox proposal for interest-based advertising, replacing the earlier FLoC concept. The details were technical, but the message for advertisers was clear: third-party tracking was under…

January 2019 gave marketers an early sign that privacy regulation was becoming a real operating issue, not just a legal headline. France’s CNIL fined Google over GDPR consent and transparency concerns tied to personalized advertising.…

In spring 2018, Facebook responded to growing data-access scrutiny by announcing restrictions across its platform. One major advertising change was the plan to shut down Partner Categories, which had allowed third-party data providers to offer…